The Unethical Nature Of Animal Testing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1095 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? The morality of animal testing has been a controversial subject since its popularity rise in the 19th century, when the first organization against animal cruelty was formed. Since then, the desire to ban animal testing has progressed to the point that hundreds of organizations opposing animal experimentation now exist and are actively working to prove animal testing is not ethically correct. The development of alternative testing methods has boosted this movement and made animal testing less desirable to a large portion of the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Unethical Nature Of Animal Testing" essay for you Create order History proves tests conducted on animals in the past have resulted in incredible medical breakthroughs concerning information and cures for human diseases and ailments. However, animal testing must be eliminated in the United States due to the detriment it has on the federal budget, the unreliability of animal experimentation results on products made for human consumption, and the moral issue associated with using animals as test subjects. The United States government is constantly working to find methods to reduce excessive spending that contributes to the national debt; however, the detriment animal testing causes to the countrys budget is often overlooked. The United States allows a yearly budget to organizations participating in animal experimentation, and this amount is excessive and cost-intensive. In 2018, in accordance to the Consolidated Appropriations Act, the National Institute for Health (NIH) was budgeted 36 billion dollars for research and testing. (United States Congress). Of this budgeted amount, approximately 47% was used for animal testing (International Animal Research Regulations). This calculation amounts to approximately 17 billion dollars and does not include the money spent by other organizations that receive funding for animal testing, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Considering the national debt faced by the United States, this sum of money should not be spent on experimentation on animals. Cost is an issue when it comes to animal testing, not just morality. Furthermore, the development of alternative, non-animal testing methods has proven that non-animal tests are far more cost-effective than traditional animal tests. When looking at research comparing the cost of performing animal tests versus non-animal tests, it is evident the United States can liberate a portion of the detriment it suffers when budgeting animal testing for certain organizations. In an article written by The Humane Society, the organization discusses the cost of In Vitro testing, which is the process of using cells and microorganisms to study diseases and treatments, rather than using live animals. In the article, The Humane Society includes a chart comparing the prices of specific animal tests and their alternative counterparts. For instance, when testing embryotoxicity, using a rat developmental toxicity test to complete the experiment costs 50,000 dollars (Humane Society International). In contrast, when completing the process with a rat limb bud test, which is a form of In Vitro testing, a testing facility will only spend 15,000 dollars (Humane Society International). This is a drastic difference in cost, and only one of ten different experiments the Humane Society incorporates in their article. Switching to alternative testing methods will unquestionably save the United States government money, due to the contrast in price the Humane Society emphasizes. While it is important to be informed of the money the United States can save by requiring testing facilities to switch to non-animal testing methods, it is also important to become aware of other, more important areas in which the money can be spent. The lack of funding for animal shelters all over the United States leads to thousands of animals being treated poorly, with a majority being euthanized every year. In 2012, for example, in Kentucky alone, approximately 285,000 dogs and cats entered the shelter system, but only 15% were retrieved by owners or adopted to a new home (Sinski and Gagne). Those 42,750 dogs and cats that were not adopted, ended up euthanized. Without proper funding, animal shelters are not allowed to offer low adoption fees, let alone provide cats and dogs proper resources. If money from animal testing is used towards bettering the conditions in animal shelters, or even towards building more animal shelters so certain buildings are not overcrowded with scarce resources, animals can await adoption in cleaner and more renovated facilities. Since animal testing has led to several helpful medical breakthroughs in the past, many individuals are unaware of the verifiable unreliability of animal testing. Studies have led scientists to believe that testing drugs, chemicals, foods, etc. on animals will give health organizations insight into what products are safe for human consumption. This method of understanding human physiology is faulty due to many factors, including the fact that certain conditions can affect lab results during animal experiments. For instance, using animals as test subjects is deceptive due to varying effects that testing in certain environments can have on test results. In one study, in which genetically altered mice were used to test aortic defects, it was found that mice placed in larger cages completely lost any alterations they were given and, therefore, provided no helpful information (Akhtar). Aysha Akhtar also states in his article that Crabbe et. al, a testing company, did several trial runs testing mice in neurobehavioral experiments and found that the results were different in every laboratory location they used (Akhtar). With this information, we can determine that some experiments conducted on animals in the past must have had unreliable results due to inconsistency caused by varying environments. Lab conditions and other variables impact the results of studies conducted on animals and, in result, lead to distribution of ineffective drugs. In addition to lab environments effecting test results from animal experiments, there are differences between actual human diseases and the diseases that scientists attempt to duplicate in animals. This factor proves that animal testing is unreliable by showing there is a clear boundary that prevents animals from accurately providing information about human diseases. A test was conducted in which scientists attempted to replicate human strokes in animals, in order to gain more knowledge regarding human strokes and, furthermore, ways to treat them (Akhtar). Despite scientists believing these studies would help generate medication to combat human strokes, the medication failed to succeed past clinical trials, proving that animals react to medication differently than humans will (Akhtar). The difference in species between animals and humans makes the two respective groups react differently to drugs and diseases. Using animals to formulate medication for humans is hazardous due to how they each react differently to stimuli. The contrast between human diseases and the replicated versions used in animal experiments demonstrates the unreliability of animal testing, but so does the distinction between animal and human physiology and genetics.

The Effect Of Imperialism And Nationalism - 1092 Words

The effects of imperialism and nationalism brought the world into an unenviable position during the early 1900 s. Colonies began to revolt against their rulers and left civilian unrest behind. The people began to question and change different structures of governments. Wars began to brew amongst nations and revolutions sparked. These events, however, remain far from inconsequential to modern day societies. Certain aspects, specifically, Gandhi s non-violent resistance, Karl Marx s The Communist Manifesto, and Pablo Picasso s Guernica, continue to hold significance in modern day politics and communities. In India, during the 20th century, Gandhi s successfully fought for his colony s independence. The English colonized the country,†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, other groups have decidedly declared their opposition to this recent presidential election in the forms of the International Women s March and the boycott against Uber. Regardless of the time period, Gandhi s metho ds help ensure that the common man has a voice in society. Moreover, Karl Marx expands on similar ideas that concern the common man in his comprehensive pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. In this document, he articulates the two main economic classes consist of: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He claims that the bourgeoisie dominate the ruling class, while the proletariats are exploited physically and emotionally. Another major concept Marx introduces is economic determinism, the theory that the specific economic system that a country has instated affects the values that exist in it. However, he claims that the bourgeoisie, who are in the optimal place in society, will refuse to abandon their economic standings unless there is a violent revolt from the proletariats. Afterwards, a society with no economic classes would be created where the government would manage everything, termed as communism. Overall, Marx believed that capitalism presented an unnecessary amount of difficulti es and that communism was the solution to them. These concepts that Marx promotes, increase in prevalence amongst the various, current government systems. In regards to capitalism, Marx gives the warning of merely havingShow MoreRelatedNationalism And Imperialism841 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism and Imperialism are two important yet distinct ideologies that have shaped the geopolitical world. Both have led to the annexation of lands and the formation of national borders. Nationalism and Imperialism can be viewed as two ends of a spectrum of patriotism, with nationalism on the weak end and imperialism on the strong end. In terms of global significance, imperialism, as a force of domination, subjugation, and exploitation, is more important than nationalism. Nationalism can beRead MoreThe War Of The Great Depression1019 Words   |  5 Pagesended in 1918. 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For instance, being faithful to your country is acceptable but when you cross your limit in order to degrade another race, culture or to show that you are the dominant one, that’s when it becomes negative and delivers a wrong message among other people. Phases of nationalism kept on changing as the time passed in EuropeRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism843 Words   |  4 Pagesoutbreak, such as previous historical tension and nationalism. Supporting evidence shows that imperialism was the main and most significant factor of the outbreak of World War 1. Imperialism is defined as the domination of one country’s political, economic or cultural life by another. European countries had been establishing colonies and building empires since the late 1400’s. The period of 1850 to 1914 is often referred to as the â€Å"Age of Imperialism†, since a lot of powers used their military, technological

Concept Of Public Administration Free Essays

The government is set up to help and serve the people of its nation. The primary focus of the government is to provide, protect, and serve its citizens. In order for the government to remain accountable and to be effective, the field of We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Of Public Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/public-administration-and-management-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-partnerships-in-terms-of-improving-service-delivery-and-accountability/"public administration was created to provide checks to the citizens to make sure the government is being held accountable. Public administration is defined as † Public administration entails civil servants implementing a specified policy within the confines of a government executive framework. Public administrators ensure that every facet of federal, state, and local public services are offered and executed to help pave the way for the future. † The biggest challenge of being in public administration is making sure that you are being held accountable and doing what is right and not what is popular. First, one the biggest obstacle in public administration is leadership and management in this field. Making sure that a public administrator is someone who is going to do what is right and fair is hard to find. Not only that being a public administrator and making everyone happy is nearly impossible due to the fact that everyone wants different things and plans. Next, the major functions in publis administration are a public administrator must be fair, firm, and consistent. A public administrator must be fair in all instances and cannot have favorites because this create dishonesty and a loss of trust. This can hamper the effectiveness of the organization all together. Next, a public administrator has to be firm. This means that many different people are going to question and ponder their decisions that are made. The public administrator has to be confident in their decision and stand by them. Next, must allows remain accountable and ethical. A public administrator cannot back track or place the blame on someone else if a decision they made does not go well. Next, a public administrator must be consistent. If they do one thing in a situation then when similar situation arises they need to continue to act in the same fashion as they first did. Next, one of the be\biggest obstacles with being in public administration is always making sure you are acting politically correct in context . This becomes very difficult because it seems there is always someone who can get offended by everything someone says or does. This become problematic when comes to dealing with public administration issues. One of the biggest obstacles is holding the government accountable and having intergovernmental relationships. A lot of public administration jobs are used in the sense that they hold politicians accountable for their jobs and the bills they pass. They are suppose to make sure the government is doing their job. † Government policy analysts are responsible for creating program policy and then evaluating its effectiveness. Policy analysts introduce pertinent decisions with data sets and hypotheses regarding the possible effects of the proposed policy. Afterward, they critique the results and then make adjustments according to need. † Often times when the government does not meet the demands of the people, it is the public administration field that is held accountable not the politician on why these actions were allowed to take place. The biggest challenges is applying the intergovernmental relations which is the finding of that middle ground of where the people are satisfied that you are holding the government accountable but at the same time making sure the politician is happy and does not wither defund you or fire you because you were holding them too accountable. Finally, when looking at public administration as a whole the biggest aspect is not to get too concerned and overwhelmed by the job given too you. Organizational behavior plays a major role in making decisions and learning how to appease the public. Sometimes public administrators are so concerned with perception they forget to go back to the basics and think like a person. Being in public administration does not or should not mean a bunch of red tape. It should be about providing a service to the people and making sure the people are given a voice. Sometimes, the easiest solution is human relations and realizing that the answers are always in front of us we just have remember that we are people too and rules and regulations do not make society function. Finally, when having to deal with budget restranits it is not always easy to accomplish the necessary goals. In conclusion, public administration is a very demanding job with high risks but great rewards. When looking at the biggest problems with public administration it is clear that with many problems the most important thing is to always be firm, fair, and consistent. By adhering to these rules it allows for a person serving the people to always remain accountable and not to stress if they made the right decision. How to cite Concept Of Public Administration, Papers